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Combined with a byte-addressable architecture, NOR Flash is ideal for boot code-including execute-in-place systems-and transaction data. (Source: Cypress)NOR Flash uses a relatively larger memory cell compared to NAND Flash to provide high endurance and long data retention.

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For functional safety applications, devices such as the Cypress Semper NOR Flash family extend this architecture with features designed to meet the automotive industry’s ISO 26262 functional safety standard.Figure 2: Embedded processor core in Cypress Semiconductor's advanced Semper NOR Flash architecture.

In fact, advanced NOR Flash architectures integrate a processor core with additional logic IP and firmware that provide advanced functionality to system designers (Figure 2).

(Source: Cypress)Like many semiconductor products, has evolved from the narrow scope of its original purpose.

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For example, safety features implemented in a typical design's Flash components free up the MPU/MCU and the SPI bus from reading Flash contents periodically to ascertain integrity of its contents.Figure 1: Safety implementation in automotive systems. Functional safety ISO 26262 and IEC 61508 standards define safety integrity levels (e.g ASIL A to ASIL D for automotive and SIL 1 to SIL 4 for industrial systems) with each level denoting more stringent safety levels and less likelihood of failures.Although meeting functional safety requirements is an expansive undertaking, safety critical system design can benefit significantly from the ability of individual components to support those requirements (Figure 1). For these mission-critical systems, designs trace those features to requirements specified in ISO 26262 for the automotive industry and IEC 61508 for industrial control systems.ISO 26262 defines functional safety as “The absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of electrical/electronic systems.” In electronic systems, the cause of failures leading to system malfunctions can be systematic faults in design or random faults due to soft error or probabilistic reliability failures over time.

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Consequently, these systems are typically designed with many safety-related features in hardware and software so that a single malfunction is not hazardous. With the increased reliance of automotive and industrial systems on electronic control, failure of the underlying computing systems can have serious consequences for people and property.